蜘蛛结网,丝比钢铁

If you look at the tip of the abdomen on any given spider, you'll find one to four pairs of tiny, stub-like appendages. Those are thespinnerets, the organs that dispense silk. Each one is connected to special glands located inside the abdomen. Said glands createprotein-rich liquidsthat are squeezed out of "spigots": microscopic openings in the spinnerets. Upon exiting the body, the liquidssolidifyand become silk.

Mind you, not all spider silks are created equal. Thechemical compositionof silk threads is highly variable. And sometimes, it can be altered before the pre-silk liquids get a chance to harden. Plus, by tensing or relaxing, spigots can change the thickness of the silken fibers they release. A lone spider may have dozens, hundreds or thousands of spigots all working together in concert, producing silks with lots of different consistencies.

One of the better-known families of spiders are the orb-weavers. Encountered on every continent but Antarctica, their ranks include around 3,500 species worldwide. Individual orb-weavers can generateeight to ninedifferent types of silk. To protect their eggs, for example, the arachnids bundle them up in woven sacs with a layer of nice,soft silkat the center. But spider silk also comes in firmer, tougher varieties.

Orb-weavers create thosedartboard-style, vertically oriented webs that most people think of when they hear the term "spider web." We're talking about the spiraled little beauties you've probably seen in countless backyard gardens.

Construction begins after an orb-weaver makes its "bridge thread." The first line in a new web, this is usually alightweight strandthat the spider uses to ford the gap between two firm objects — like tree limbs, rocks or window sills. Our spineless pal waits at one end of the divide and lets this threaddrift in the winduntil it makes contact with the other side. When that's done, the bridge thread is secured at both ends and reinforced with additional lines of silk.

The bridge thread is the first third of a woven triangle. So-called "frame threads" are built in all three corners of this structure. Together with the major lines on the triangle's sides, they create attachment platforms for a set of very tough threads known as "radii." Extending outward from a point at the center of the web (i.e. the "hub"), the radii look like the spokes on a bicycle wheel.

Next, a silken spiral is woven around the hub, covering much of the radii. Some orb-weavers will repeat this process: After building an initial spiral out ofnon-sticky silk, they replace it with a sticky-threaded substitute.

Obviously, webs don't last forever. According to "Spider Silk: Evolution and 400 Million Years of Spinning, Waiting, Snagging and Mating" — a 2010 book by Leslie Brunetta and Catherine L. Craig — there are orb-weavers who make a brand-new web every single day. To avoid running out of material, they eat their old webs. Thedigested proteinsare then incorporated into fresh silks. (Remember kids, always recycle.)

A completed web is a multi-faceted tool. When another creature gets ensnared in one,vibrationsin the silken threads convey information about its size and whereabouts. Spiders utilize this information while approaching their victims.

Also, researchers have discovered that some orb-weaver webs attract flying insects viastatic electricity. One species — the garden center spider (Uloborus plumipes) — creates these by weaving threads that get electrically charged when the arachnidrubs its legson them. Afterward, some portions of the web become more adhesive.

But why should orb-weavers have all the fun? Spider webs come inmore than 130 known shapes, many of which look pretty far removed from the iconic orb-weaver design.

例如,许多蜘蛛编织水平oriented "sheet webs." Oftentimes, the setup includes an overhanging layer of disheveled threads that intercept unwary flying insects. Here, the idea is for the victim to collide with one of the upper threads — and thenfall downonto the sticky sheet below.

However, sheet webs might play a more active role in prey capture. A 2017 study indicates thatmoths are attractedto the big, horizontal webs of the lace sheet weaver (Psechrus clavis) — a subtropical Asian spider — because it uses highly reflective silk. Since moths can't see very well, entomologists think the winged critters may be mistaking these clusters of luminous threads for well-lit forest clearings.

Another common type of spider web is the much-maligned "cobweb." Sewn by black widows and some related species, cobwebs don't come in well-organized geometric patterns. On the contrary, they're messy-lookingtangles of silkthat tend to be found underneathprotective coverslike roofs, rocks or branches.

And then we've got spiders whodon't even botherwith webs.Wolf spidersand crab spiders have no need for them because the free-ranging arachnids can usually out-muscle their prey — without using any silken traps. Likewise, tarantulas forego the web-weaving process (although they've been known toline their burrowswith silk in order to keep unwanted dirt from accumulating).

Other species use silk in creative projects.Trapdoor spidersmix it with dirt and vegetation to create movable lids for their underground homes. But they — like wolf spiders — refrain from web-building. So if she'd been offered a choice, Arachne the seamstress would probably be happier as an orb-weaver. Or maybe a black widow.